Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to Biostimulants Application and Substrate Additives under Salinity Stress

The issue of high concentration salt in soil is not restricted to coastal areas, but also expands cultivated lands, complicating, or even intercepting, the growth plants. objective this paper study effect zeolite, compost and effective microorganisms (EM), seaweed extract, ceramic powder on MM106 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) plants normal saline conditions. More specifically, weight dry matter plants, physiological parameters, proline, carbohydrate, carotenoid, phenolic, flavonoid concentrations leaf tissues antioxidant capacity were determined. At end experiment, it was ascertained that treatments which included zeolite EM exhibited highest leaves (5.07 g 4.68 g, respectively) conditions (4.14 3.02 respectively), while control treatment 4.37 absence 2.34 presence NaCl. Furthermore, these resulted significantly higher proline plant under salinity with values 5.63 treatment, 2.44 0.75 μmol/g fresh control. same time, application combination led rate photosynthesis (12.8 μmol CO2/m2s), extract spraying associated low stomatal conductance all (0.09–0.13 mol H2O/m2s). Overall, appeared associate more vigor both In context, implementation could improve potted be used orchards before after their establishment.